How Diabetes Weakens the Immune System & What You Can Do About It
Diabetes and Immune system
Diabetes is a long-term health condition that impacts millions of people across the globe. It is caused by chronic high glucose levels in the blood as a result of decreased production of insulin from pancreas or ineffective utilization of insulin by cells in the body. While managing blood sugar levels is critical, many may not realize that diabetes can also affect the immune system. Under normal circumstances, human body uses defence mechanisms to protect itself from invasion by millions of bacteria, viruses, fungi, toxins and parasites. Unfortunately, in diabetes the immune response is weakened. Understanding how diabetes weakens your immune system and what steps you can take to protect your health is essential for overall well-being.
Type 1 Diabetes and Immune Function
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder where the body’s immune system mistakenly targets and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. This autoimmune aspect not only results in insulin deficiency but also influences immune system function in several ways.
Type 2 Diabetes and Immune Function
Type 2 diabetes is mainly defined by insulin resistance, where the body’s cells gradually lose their responsiveness to insulin. Over time, this leads to elevated blood glucose levels and can impacts immune function.
Impact of Diabetes on Immunity in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Patients
Both Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) and Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM) can significantly impact the immune system. Elevated blood sugar can activate a protective immune response known as inflammation, which, over time, may harm internal organs.
Impaired Immune Response
In T1DM, the immune system is weak, leading to an increased susceptibility to infections. People with Type 2 diabetes often have chronic low-grade inflammation. High blood sugar levels in both T1DM & T2DM can affect the function of white blood cells mainly neutrophils and macrophages, which are the body’s primary defence against infections. These cells become less efficient at fighting off bacteria and viruses, making people with diabetes more susceptible to illnesses.
Increased Susceptibility to Infections
People with T1DM &T2DM are more prone to infections like Influenza (flu), pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and skin infections due to poor circulation, nerve damage (neuropathy). Neuropathy and poor circulation complicate the early detection and treatment of infections, potentially leading to more severe outcomes.
Hyperglycaemia
Chronic elevated blood glucose levels in both T1DM and T2DM impair the ability of white blood cells to function effectively, making it harder to fight infections.
Blood Vessel Damage and Poor Circulation
Long-term diabetes can cause damage to blood vessels, affecting circulation mainly in extremities like feet and hand. Reduced blood flow impairs the delivery of immune cells to infected areas, leaving the body vulnerable to prolonged illness
Nerve Damage
Infections can often go unnoticed in long term uncontrolled diabetes because of neuropathy, leading to delayed treatment and recovery.
Impaired Wound Healing
High blood sugar weakens the skin barrier, making it an entry point for bacteria through small cuts or abrasions. It also impairs the body’s ability to heal wounds and fight infections.
What Can Be Done About It?
Managing diabetes effectively can significantly reduce its impact on the immune system. Here are some key strategies
Optimizing Blood Glucose Control
Achieving and maintaining optimal blood glucose levels are crucial for both types of diabetes and can help prevent short- and long-term illnesses. This can be done through,
- Insulin Therapy (for T1D)
Consistent insulin use, through injections or an insulin pump, is essential for managing blood sugar levels.
- Oral Medications (for T2D)
Patients with T2D may benefit from oral medications, insulin, or a combination of therapies to improve insulin sensitivity and glycaemic control.
Balanced Diet and Nutrition
A well-balanced diet rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals can support immune function. Choose whole foods like fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats. Foods high in vitamin C (like citrus fruits) and vitamin D (like fatty fish) are especially beneficial for the immune system and can help maintain blood glucose levels within a target range. Avoiding excess sugar and processed foods can help control blood glucose levels and reduce inflammation.
Regular Physical Activity
Regular exercise improves blood circulation, reduces inflammation, and boosts immune system. Exercise improves insulin sensitivity and helps lower blood glucose levels. Strive for a minimum of 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise per week, complemented by strength training.
Hydration
Drink plenty of water, at least 8-10 glasses of water to ensure that body eliminates waste products. Proper hydration supports immune system as well.
Proper Hygiene and Infection Prevention
People with diabetes should practice good hygiene, including regular hand washing and proper wound care to prevent infections.
Avoid Smoking and Alcohol
Smoking and alcohol can significantly impact diabetes control and increases the risk of complications. Smoking restricts blood flow and slows down the healing process of wounds. No amounts of alcohol consumption is safe, but if you choose to drink do in moderation after consulting your treating doctor
Early Detection and Treatment of Infections
Individuals with diabetes should monitor for early signs of infections (such as fever, increased pain, swelling, or drainage of pus from wounds) and seek prompt medical attention. Prompt treatment can help prevent infections from becoming severe and reduce the risk of complications. Early intervention is the key to preventing serious complications.
Stress Management
Chronic stress increases inflammation and affect blood sugar levels. Practising relaxing activities like meditation, Yoga, deep breathing exercises, mindfulness and engaging in hobbies benefits both your physical and mental health.
Get Enough Sleep
Sleep is crucial for a healthy immune system. Sleep deprivation makes it harder to regulate blood sugar levels and further weaken your immune system to fight infections.7-8 hours of uninterrupted sleep help your body repair and function optimally.
Regular Check-Ups
Regular check-ups with healthcare providers are essential to assess glycaemic control and adjust treatment as necessary. It is important to screen for immune health, and potential complications such as neuropathy, retinopathy, and cardiovascular disease. Early intervention is key to managing these issues and preventing further complications.
Stay Up to Date on Vaccinations
People with diabetes are at higher risk for certain infections. It is also important to get vaccinations against preventable diseases such as influenza and pneumococcus, which includes influenza (Flu), pneumococcal vaccines& shingles vaccine, to reduce the risk of infections.
Conclusion
Both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes can weaken the immune system, making individuals more vulnerable to infections and impairwound healing. However, by effectively managing blood sugar levels, maintaining a healthy lifestyle through balanced diet & regular exercises, practicing good hygiene, and getting vaccinated, people with diabetes can help protect their immune system and reduce the risks of infection. Regular check-ups and early intervention are also critical in managing the effects on immune system. Effective control of diabetes and vigilant infection prevention are essential for maintaining optimal health and quality of life.
For personalised advice on diabetes management, consult us at Dr. Mohan’s Diabetes Specialities Centre
